As discussed in class, one, as used in the construction "I liked the bicycle with the drop handlebars, but my sister preferred the one with 24 gears", can substitute for N', but not N.
My own judgements on (1a,b) are as given; together with the fact about the distribution of "one" given above, they motivate the trees below.
1. a. * I wanted to eat the piece of pie; my mother wanted to eat the one of cake.
b. I wanted to meet the admirer of Delius from France; my mother wanted to meet the one from Glasgow.
[i.e. My mother wanted to meet the admirer of Delius from Glasgow]
A. What are your judgements on the following sentences, and what structures can you give for the italicised sequences that are consistent with these judgements? You do not need to give the internal structure of the relative clauses.
2. a. My sister ate the piece of pie that my father had recommended,
but I ate the one that he didn't like the look of.
b. This teacher of physics is very helpful, but that one of biology
is a bit aloof.
c. Do you want some pie? The piece on the plate looks good, but
the one in the bowl doesn't appeal to me much.
B. It is clear that when you have a constituent that contains more than a noun head, the whole phrase cannot just have the category N (since that would imply the whole phrase was just a single word). What data from one substitution can be used to give an empirical argument that even when a constituent contains no words other than the head, it should be assumed to constitute a phrasal category (e.g. to be an N' or an NP, as well a just an N)?
Download the grammar tool for adjuncts, using the "save target as option", and then build structures for the sentences in (2) and two word order variants of them (giving a total of four structures).
(2) a. They eat five apples before lunch with their friends for fun.
b. They eat five apples before lunch for fun under the table with their friends.
NB: When downloading, use "save target as" option.
At the moment we are assuming that the structure of a sentence is as below; that is to say, that the entire sentence is a VP; the constituent containing the verb and its object (if it has one) is a V'
.
A. Recall also that, just as one, substitutes for N' but not N, so do so substitutes for V' but not V. Using this or other arguments, how would you analyse the following sentences (again, native speakers of English, please make yourself available to your classmates as consultants). You may find that there is disagreement about some judgements, or that some are clearer than others.
1. a. Beethoven played tennis with Delius.
b. Beethoven played tennis with Delius on Saturdays.
c. Delius relied on his mother.
d. Delius rowed on the Thames.
e. My teacher put his car in the garage.
B. What empirical argument can you give that the tree below is not the right structure for (2)?
2. They eat lunch at the weekend with their friends.
Here is a set of simple phrase structure rules for the language Swinglish. We are still at this point sticking to the assumption that a "sentence" is in fact a VP
| VP | NP V | |
| NP | Det N | |
| N | AdjP N | |
| N' | N | |
| AdjP | Adj | |
| V' | PP V | |
| V' | NP V | |
| V' | PP NP V | |
| V' | V | |
| PP | NP P | |
| V | eat | |
| V | send | |
| V | play |
| N | boys | |
| N | trumpet | |
| N | stool | |
| N | morning | |
| N | girls | |
| N | toast | |
| Det | the | |
| P | to | |
| P | in | |
| Adj | insufferable |
And here are the subcategorization frames for the verbs "send", "eat" and "play"
| send (V): | PP NP ___ |
| eat, play (V): | NP ___ |
| eat, play (V): | ___ |
A. Which of the following sentences are generated by the combination of the phrase structure rules and subcategorization frames given above?
1. The insufferable boys the morning in the trumpet play.
2. The girls the trumpet send.
3. The girls eat the insufferable toast.
4. The boys the insufferable girls to the toast send.
5. The trumpets the insufferable girls the toast send.
B. What is the shortest sentence (VP) that this grammar will
generate (in number of words)?
What is the longest sentence (VP) that this grammar will generate (in number
of words)?
C. Suppose that a new word enters the lexicon, borrowed from English, with the following subcategorization frame:
| contribute (V): | ___ NP PP |
Can the grammar generate a sentence that includes this word?
If so, provide such a sentence.
If not, explain why not.
