Results 1a: initial stages
lInitially, speakers have no language, so “invent” random strings of characters.
lA protolanguage emerges for some meanings, but no structure. These are holistic expressions:
l
1.ldg “Mary admires John”
2.xkq “Mary loves John”
3.gj “Mary admires Gavin”
4.axk “John admires Gavin”
5.gb “John knows that Mary knows that John admires Gavin”
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