Results 1a: initial stages
	l Initially, speakers have no language, so “invent” random strings of characters. l A protolanguage emerges for some meanings, but no structure. These are holistic expressions: 1. ldg    “Mary admires John” 2. xkq    “Mary loves John” 3. gj      “Mary admires Gavin” 4. axk    “John admires Gavin” 5. gb     “John knows that Mary knows that John admires Gavin”